Many studies have reported sex differences in processing emotional events, the valence of
which are unknown in advance. The present study examined whether women and men differ
in processing emotional events when they do have such expectations. Event-related
potentials were recorded when participants were presented with emotional pictures, the
valence of which was either expected or unexpected. For women, the modulation effect by
expectation was found on the early N2 response; for men, the effect was found on the late …