Rotary kilns are used to convert calcineous raw meal into cement clinkers. In this paper we
present a one-dimensional model to simulate key processes occurring in solid bed of
cement kilns. Solid–solid reactions occurring in cement kilns were modelled with a pseudo-
homogeneous approximation. Variation of bed height and melt formation in burner zone
within the kiln was accounted for. Energy balance (including conductive, convective and
radiative heat transfer) was solved based on a quasi-steady state approximation. The …