In the United States, water and soil baiting have been part of the US Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA APHIS) Confirmed Nursery Protocol (CNP) to prevent the spread of Phytophthora ramorum from infected nursery stock since 2005. Additionally, the US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service (USDA FS) has, since 2006, supported the national early detection stream baiting survey of forests and urban areas to monitor the potential spread of this pathogen from nurseries and other high-risk settings. These surveys have been conducted in cooperation with universities and state forestry agencies. As a result of these activities, P. ramorum has been detected in waterways at 10 sites in six states between 2006 and June 2009 (fig. 1).