The human eye is filled with two fluid-like substances, termed humors, which maintain the
ocular pressure and shape of the eyeball. Aqueous humor is a water-like fluid that lies in front …

Inflammation is an ancient medical term initially referring to classic signs and symptoms,
including edema, erythema (redness), warmness, pain, and loss of function (stiffness and …

Among the numerous homeostatic events maintained by the human body, the blood glucose
level is a significant physiologic aspect under persistent tight regulation. Glucose is an …

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or arginine vasopressin (AVP) is a nonapeptide
synthesized in the hypothalamus. Science has known it to play essential roles in the control …

Foreign invaders are continuously attacking the human body. Their attempts to hijack the
body's machinery is quickly shut down by the immune system. The immune system is a …

Proteins are made up of 20 amino acids. Each amino acid has an α-carboxyl group, a
primary α-amino group, and a side chain called the R group (see Image. Amino Acid Generic …

The normal physiology of lactation is a process that begins to take effect well before the initial
latch of the newborn infant. It requires the breast to change in composition, size, and shape …

The five different types of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL),
intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and HDL. Lipoproteins …

Objectives: Identify the definition of polypharmacy. Determine the reasons for recognizing and
addressing polypharmacy in the older patients. Develop strategies that can help minimize …

Oxidative phosphorylation is a cellular process that harnesses the reduction of oxygen to
generate high-energy phosphate bonds in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). It is a …