Comparing expectation with experience is an important neural computation performed
throughout the brain and is a hallmark of predictive processing. Experiments that alter the
sensory outcome of an animal's behavior reveal enhanced neural responses to unexpected
self-generated stimuli, indicating that populations of neurons in sensory cortex may reflect
prediction errors (PEs), mismatches between expectation and experience. However,
enhanced neural responses to self-generated stimuli could also arise through nonpredictive …