Rana watershed, located in the mid-Mahanadi River basin in the state of Odisha, India.

This study attempted to develop a generalizable machine learning (ML)-based streamflow prediction model implementing prediction selection algorithms to the physiographic characteristics, and hydro-meteorological data collected for Rana Watershed.

The pertinent predictors identified were land use/ land cover (LULC), one and two-day lagged rainfall, one-day lagged PET, and one-day lagged streamflow and its categorized flow regime. The random forest algorithm, which outperformed the other five algorithms evaluated, was trained using identified predictors to develop a streamflow prediction model called “stRFlow”. The mean absolute error, root mean squared error, coefficient of determination, and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency during training were 0.753 m³/s, 3.584 m³/s, 0.973, and 0.972 and testing were 2.829 m³/s, 10.503 m³/s, 0.855, and 0.851, respectively. The Kling-Gupta efficiency was found to be 0.96 and 0.92 during training and testing, respectively. There was an enhancement to model proficiency with the addition of LULC to temporal predictors. Moreover, the partial auto-correlation factor for the streamflow and examining the categorization of specific lagged flow regimes enhanced the predictive capacities of “stRFlow”. Results depict the potential of stRFlow and the framework in streamflow modeling in similar hydroclimatic regions with applicability for practical and reliable streamflow predictions globally.