relation between the secant Young's modulus and the axial strain at different types of soil,
loading way, negative temperature and initial confining pressure. It is observed that the
stress–strain behavior of frozen soils in deep alluvium is highly nonlinear and the frozen soil
secant Young's modulus may decay with increasing strain. The limit of the elastic stage
appeared similar for all conditions, and was found to be approximately 0.05% axial strain …