Advances in additive manufacturing enable the fabrication of complex structures with intricate geometry details, which brings opportunities for high-resolution structure design and transforms the potential of functional products prototyping. However, the increasingly delicate designs bring computational challenges for structural optimization paradigms such as topology optimization (TO) since the design dimensionality increases with the resolutions. Two-scale TO paves an avenue for high-resolution structural design to address this challenge. The material properties of the macro-scale field in the design domain are optimized, and each field is filled with periodic repetition of microstructures. This paper investigates the efficacy of introducing anisotropic microstructure into the two-scale TO. We considered microstructures with both isotropic and anisotropic properties to study the effect of resulting topology and structural performance. To model the two types of cellular materials, we exploit implicit functions, including triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) for the isotropic microstructures and Fourier series-based functions (FSF) for the anisotropic ones. The elasticity tensor of microstructures is computed with numerical homogenization. Then a two-scale TO paradigm is formulated, and a gradient-based algorithm is proposed to optimize the micro-scale structures and macro-scale material properties simultaneously. Several engineering benchmark cases are tested with the proposed method, and experimental results reveal that using anisotropic microstructures leads to at most decrease in compliance of optimal structures than using the isotropic ones. The proposed design framework with anisotropic microstructures provides achievable directionality and broader design flexibility for high-resolution products prototyping.