Piri F., Sahragard A., Ghadamyari M.(2014): Sublethal effects of spinosad on some biochemical and biological parameters of Glyphodes pyloalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Plant Protect. Sci., 50: 135–144.

The susceptibility of G. pyloalis larvae to spinosad was studied using the leaf dip method. Treatment with doses of spinosad sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC20, LC30, LC40 of 0.026, 0.045, 0.065, 0.090 ppm, respectively) was applied. A significant difference in the effects was observed between the sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC20, LC30, and LC40) and the control in the content of carbohydrate and glycogen, and between the control vs. LC30 and LC40 in the content of protein. A significant decrease in glutathione S-transferase activity with the increase of spinosad concentration, no significant differences in the activities of α-and β-esterases, and a significant increase in the enzyme activity of phenoloxidase were observed. Effects of LC10 and LC30 spinosad concentrations on some biological parameters showed that percentage of larval pupation and female fecundity significantly decreased in the concentration of LC30.