receiving nitrate were investigated. Four reactors in series were employed to imitate a rising
main sewer. The nitrate-dosing strategy was effective in controlling sulfide, as confirmed by
the long-term sulfide measurements. Anoxic sulfide oxidation occurred in two sequential
steps, namely the oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur (S0) and the oxidation of S0 to
sulfate (SO42−). The second oxidation step, which primarily occurred when the first step was …