degeneration of the spine with aging. Objectives To evaluate the effectiveness of different
types of surgery compared with different types of non‐surgical interventions in adults with
symptomatic LSS. Primary outcomes included quality of life, disability, function and pain.
Also, to consider complication rates and side effects, and to evaluate short‐, intermediate‐
and long‐term outcomes (six months, six months to two years, five years or longer).