Many products harvested from forests are not derived from timber, nor do they require trees to be of marketable size for timber. Long before the technology existed to cut trees, people were gathering forest plants and fungi for sustenance. These nontimber forest products (NTFPs) are harvested for food, medicine, decorative and craft materials and spiritual use (Chamberlain et al., 2018a). Well-known NTFPs from temperate North America include maple syrup (sugar maple; Acer saccharum Marshall), American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolius L.), balsam fir boughs (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.), paper birch bark (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) and morel mushrooms (Morchella spp.)(Table 1). Popular European NTFPs include bear garlic (Allium ursinum L.), stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.), porcini mushroom (Boletus edulis Bull) and various berries (eg raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)(Luczaj et al., 2012)). NTFPs also are widely harvested in circumboreal regions, including products such as chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat), birch sap (Betula pendula