glycerol and ammonium fluoride solution, which was followed by a thermal treatment. The
second anodisation was continued by increasing anodizing voltage to deposit a film on the
surface of titanium, which resulted in a free standing membrane based on of TNTs. The
nanotubes were further characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The SEM result …