characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-
Emmett-Teller (BET), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS),
photoluminescence (PL) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.
The introduction of yttrium ions has efficiently increased the relative percentage of Ce 3+ …