can lead to adaptation or death. Here, we show that multiple inducers of autophagy,
including nutrient depletion, trigger the activation of the IKK (IκB kinase) complex that is best
known for its essential role in the activation of the transcription factor NF‐κB by stress.
Constitutively active IKK subunits stimulated autophagy and transduced multiple signals that
operate in starvation‐induced autophagy, including the phosphorylation of AMPK and JNK1 …