Composite materials have been widely used in modern engineering fields such as aircraft,
space and marine structures due to their high strength-to-weight and stiffness-to-weight
ratios. However, structural efficiency gained through the adoption of composite materials can
only be guaranteed by understanding the influence of production upon as-designed
performance. In particular, topologies that are challenging to production including panels
stiffened with pi or tophat stiffeners dominate many engineering applications and often …