Widespread use of smart devices and mobile applications continues to significantly increase the amount of mobile data traffic at a colossal rate. According to Ciscos latest report [1], total generated mobile data traffic is predicted to be 77 exabytes per month by 2022 (See Figure 1. 1), nearly a sevenfold increase over 2017. By 2020, the expected number of connected devices will reach 50 billion. Over the next 10 years, data traffic will increase by 1000x [4, 5]. Clearly, the current network simply cannot meet the incoming user requirements. Although it offers good qualityof service (QoS) in isolated areas, it cannot meet capacity demands for users in close proximity (eg, stadiums, shopping malls, and the like [6]. Moreover, the increasing demand on our current mobile communications industry comes at the cost of a sizable carbon footprint. For example, in 2007 the information and communication technology (ICT) sector represented about 2% of global CO2, and the overall ICT footprint will nearly double between 2007 and 2020 [7].