In the present study, the effects of β-escin, a central component of the horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) plant, were on oxidative stress, inflammation, and islet cells of Langerhans investigated in type 2 diabetes. In the experimental type 2 diabetes model, rats were first fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for ten weeks. Then, type 2 diabetes was induced by a double dose of 30 mg/kg streptozotocin injection at five-day intervals. The experimental animals were administered three different β-escin doses (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) by gavage for four weeks after the type-2 diabetes was induced. Essential biochemical (insulin, glucose, ghrelin, cholesterol, triglyceride, and VLDL), inflammation (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-18, leptin, adiponectin), and oxidative stress (TAS, TOS, OSI) parameters were analyzed in the study samples. Furthermore, caspase three positive (cas3+) and insulin-positive (Ins+) cell rates were determined with immunohistochemical methods to identify the effects of β-escin on pancreatic tissue islet cells. The analysis revealed that administering various β-escin doses increased beta cell functions by inhibiting apoptosis in pancreatic islet cells and increasing insulin synthesis in rats with type 2 diabetes. Thus, it was concluded that β-escin exhibited antidiabetic activities since increased serum insulin levels and decreased blood glucose levels were observed. Furthermore, it was determined that inflammation was reduced with the decrease in glucotoxicity due to β-escin administration. The findings suggested that β-escin may be employed in treating diabetic complications.