… ballot measures may overemphasize the direct consequences of the initiative … direct
legislation is an underappreciation of the many indirect effects that it has on state and interest group …

… interest groups and/or divided chambers in the legislature. Thus, I predict that an indirect
effect of The Indirect Effect of Direct Legislation … institutional arrangements and interest group …

… complement staff systems, the committee system, and … Caucuses (and in the past
legislative service organizations) … them parallel their efforts to shape other aspects of their …

… Thus, relying on data from only German and Swiss interest organisations, we adopt a most
similar systems design in this study. All data used in this article, further described below, are …

… The approach taken by interest groups is also shaped by the … system to be regarded as
democratic. Unlike corporatism, pluralism offers no formal institutional role to interest groups in …

… arguments of these two schools of thought and assess their … First, we develop an interest
group politics argument that … shaping public opinion and influencing policy decisions. However, …

… of focusing on institutional actors that have a final say over the passage of policy as veto
player theory does, access point theory focuses on institutional actors who shape the agenda …

… how exchange relationships shape interest organizations. Third, … on the system of structured
interest group access in general. … the interest organizations because it has indirect effects on …

… In open political systems, interest groups face fewer … how collective action problems shape
interest group behaviour, … to which interest groups gain access to different political institutions. …

… of a state interest group system. This is the array of groups and organizations, both formal and
… nomic and political environment shapes interest group systems and that differences in this …