and perpetration of crime, especially in the context of chronic victimization. This study
examines the relationship between trauma exposure, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD),
and history of arrest and incarceration among a representative sample of black Americans
from the National Survey of American Life (N= 5,189). One-third had a history of arrest, and
18 percent had a history of incarceration. Frequency of trauma exposure was associated …