Low Salinity Waterflooding (LSW) is a promising technology for improving oil recovery in secondary and tertiary stages over the conventional waterflooding (HSW). As widely reported in the literature, this emerging recovery approach has relatively low operating costs and is more environmentally-friendly than conventional Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) methods. In fact, LSW is a multi-physics recovery process; however, most of the previous studies focused on wettability modification as the sole mechanism for the incremental oil recovery by LSW. Unfortunately, these studies often ignored other crucial factors that importantly affect the performance of LSW, e.g., fines transport under a low salinity injection environment.

This paper introduces a robust modeling workflow to capture important recovery mechanisms occurred in LSW by integrating fines migration, wettability alteration, and geochemistry. The results showed that fines transport including fines deposition, fines migration, and fines plugging plays an important role in LSW process. Fines plugging by LSW can cause formation damage, but it also can be used as a mobility control agent. The LSW model equipped with fines transport shows an excellent agreement for incremental oil recovery and pressure drop against laboratory coreflooding. Finally, a novel concept of hybrid low salinity assisted gas flooding was proposed to overcome the existing technical challenges associated with the conventional CO₂ flooding.