Theoretical Investigations of Palladium‐Catalyzed [3+2] Annulation via Benzylic and meta C−H Bond Activation

R Yoshimoto, A Taborosi, Q He, Y Ano… - Chemistry–An Asian …, 2023 - Wiley Online Library
R Yoshimoto, A Taborosi, Q He, Y Ano, N Chatani, S Mori
Chemistry–An Asian Journal, 2023Wiley Online Library
The palladium‐catalyzed reaction of aromatic amides with maleimides results in the
formation of a double C− H bond activation product, which occurs at both the benzylic and
meta positions. Computational chemistry studies suggest that the first C− H bond activation
unfolds via a six‐membered palladacycle, maleimide insertion, protonation of the Pd− N
bond, and then activation of the meta C− H bond. The process concludes with reductive
elimination, producing an annulation product. The energy decomposition analysis (EDA) …
Abstract
The palladium‐catalyzed reaction of aromatic amides with maleimides results in the formation of a double C−H bond activation product, which occurs at both the benzylic and meta positions. Computational chemistry studies suggest that the first C−H bond activation unfolds via a six‐membered palladacycle, maleimide insertion, protonation of the Pd−N bond, and then activation of the meta C−H bond. The process concludes with reductive elimination, producing an annulation product. The energy decomposition analysis (EDA) showed that the deformation energy favors the ortho C−H bond activation process. However, this route is non‐productive. The interaction energy controls the site where the maleimide is inserted into the Pd−C(sp3) bond, which determines its site selectivity. The energetic span model indicates that the meta C−H bond activation step is the one that determines the turnover frequency. Regarding the directing group, it has been concluded that the strong Pd−S bonding and the destabilizing effect of the deformation energy allow the 2‐thiomethylphenyl to function effectively as a directing group.
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