This paper surveys the rise and fall of the European mercantilist system, and the transition
to the modern, well-integrated international economy of the 19th century. It also surveys the …

… in trade, as well as the key factors driving differences in trade costs. Part II lays out the theoretical
reasons for why trade can be mutually beneficial to trading … of gains from trade. Part IV …

The Ottoman Empire had reached the peak of its power, presenting a very real threat to
Western Christendom when in 1683 it suffered its first major defeat, at the Siege of Vienna. …

… The Chinese emperor’s response to the 1793 British mission under Lord Macartney aimed
at opening greater trade with China: Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific …

… trade tied Central Europe and Central Europeans to the wider world, despite their coming
from polities without overseas colonies and trading … and Atlantic empires, trading and brokering …

… trade to the development of the European early modern economies? Previous attempts to
answer this question have focused on static measures of the weight of trade … overseas empire. …

… an epilogue to my original version (Ottoman Wars 1700–1870) to finish the story. It has now
… The capitulations or treaties that were granted for trading privileges with the empire were …

Economic growth depends upon the political and economic institutions that distribute political
power and those that enable or hinder how individuals deploy their wealth, talent, and effort…