The pancreas is a complex exocrine and endocrine gland that controls many homeostatic
functions. The exocrine pancreas produces and secretes digestive enzymes, whereas, the
endocrine pancreas produces four distinct hormones, chief among them being the glucose
regulating hormone–insulin. Diabetes, pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer are some of the
main afflictions that result from pancreas dysfunction. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-
β) proteins are central regulators of pancreas cell function, and have key roles in pancreas …