Messenger RNA (mRNA) translation consists of initiation, elongation, termination, and
ribosome recycling, carried out by the translation machinery, primarily including tRNAs,
ribosomes, and translation factors (TrFs). Translational regulators transduce signals of
growth and development, as well as biotic and abiotic stresses, to the translation machinery,
where global or selective translational control occurs to modulate mRNA translation
efficiency (TrE). As the basis of translational control, the translation machinery directly …