enabled by advanced technologies such as multilevel modulation format, new low-loss and
large effective area fiber, hybrid EDFA/Raman amplification, and digital coherent detection
technologies. We show that high-speed QPSK, 8PSK, 8QAM, and 16QAM can all be
generated using commercially available optical modulators using only binary electrical drive
signals through novel synthesis methods, and that all of these modulation formats can be …