sinusoidally gated avalanche photodiode (APD). An avalanche gain can be reduced to 10 4,
which results in strong suppression of afterpulsing. The gate repetition frequency reached 2
GHz, which is much higher than that of the other gated APDs. In addition, the detection
efficiency of 10.5% was obtained at 1550 nm with a dark count probability of 6.1× 10-7 and
an afterpulsing probability of 3.4%.