Background: Over the last several decades in the United States, socioeconomic life-
expectancy inequities have increased 1–2 years. Declining labor-union density has fueled
growing income inequities across classes and exacerbated racial income inequities. Using
Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data, we examined the longitudinal union–mortality
relationship and estimated whether declining union density has also exacerbated mortality
inequities. Methods: Our sample included respondents ages 25–66 to the 1979–2015 PSID …

Objectives Using Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) data, we examined the
longitudinal union-mortality relationship and estimated whether declining union density has
exacerbated racial and educational mortality inequities. Methods Our sample included
respondents ages 25–66 to the 1979–2015 PSID with mortality follow-up through age 68
and year 2017. To address healthy-worker bias, we used the parametric g-formula. First, we
estimated how a scenario setting all (versus none) of respondents' employed-person-years …