RESULTS

Actions related to dishonest behaviour by students rarely exceed 5% of the total number of proceedings carried out annually by Spanish UO. If data is analysed from a global perspective, we find that the percentage of interventions associated with issues related to the academic integrity of the students, reported in the analysed reports, is very low (less than 0.6% of the total actions carried out). Data collected show that the greater volume of interventions carried out by UO, related to dishonest behaviour among students in their assessment and evaluation activities, are connected with malpractices during evaluation tests or exams. Regarding the interventions described in the annual reports of the Spanish UO that are linked to misconduct in the elaboration of essays (both undergraduate and graduate), plagiarism stands out far above the rest. A total of 16 recommendations, made by the UO in the reports analysed, have been identified around the following thematic categories:• Exercise extreme precautions in mass examinations

• Act legally against fraud in evaluation processes• Apply anti-plagiarism systems and programs. Take precautions when dealing with the subject• Consider plagiarism in the evaluation regulations• Elaborate guides of good practices of the students. Train students and faculty staff• Have clear protocols to act in cases of dishonesty in evaluations