a knuckleball, specifically a soccer ball that was kicked and was in flight, was visualized
using a smoke agent (titanium tetrachloride), and its unsteady aerodynamics were
investigated. In the case of the knuckleball, the peak value of the vortex lift reached
approximately 2.0 N, and the average vortex lift force frequency of approximately 3.5 Hz. A
comparison of this vortex lift frequency and vortex oscillation frequency indicated that these …