… We measure differential rotation and meridional flow in the Sun’s surface shear layer by …
/HMI over solar cycles 23, 24, and the start of 25 (1996–2022). We examine the axisymmetric …

… Here, we study the inertial effect of density variation. It weights the Coriolis forces from …
Panel (a): differential rotation contours including near-surface shear layer, as shown in the …

… The two sources of the meridional flow are competing on the sun. … variations in the meridional
flow. The relative amplitude of … The near-surface rotational shear and meridional flow are …

… 1 and 2, we show measurements of differential rotation and … resolution image of the circulation
at the surface. The resolution … useful in studying the variation of MC with the solar cycle, as …

… circulations induced by baroclinicity and rotational shear … turbulent convection, differential
rotation, meridional circulation, and … through the Coriolis force (b → d) while entropy variations …

… be sheared into spiral stripes. A large spot, after only one … Hence we have meridional
circulation if (i) the isoplanes of … , unwanted temperature differences at the solar surface required …

… : meridional circulation, the correlation between latitudinal and longitudinal motions on the
solar surface, a … (axisymmetric) meridional circulation and differences in surface temperature …

… ; in the solar case, at least, this has led to differential rotation,… of a near-surface shear
layerbased on variations among the … , given the rotation profile and the meridional circulation,one …

… by the mean differential rotation are presented. Patterns of large-scale … zone, where the
strongest radial rotational shear is … In order to study variations of the solar meridional flows with …

… the variation of rotation rate with latitude seen at the surface … distinctive shear layer just
below the surface is discernible at … (A to C) Meridional cuts through three rotation kernels for …