deliver a single commodity from a set of supply nodes to a set of demand nodes, which are
unpaired. That is, a demand node can be served by any supply node. In this paper, we
further assume that the supply and demand is unsplittable, which implies that we can visit
each node only once. The 1-PDVRP arises in several practical contexts, ranging from bike-
sharing programs in which bikes at each station need to be redistributed at various points in …