spanwise (x− z) plane deep within the roughness sublayer (y= 0.047 δ; δ is the boundary-
layer thickness) of a zero-pressure-gradient turbulent boundary layer overlying highly
irregular surface roughness replicated from a turbine blade damaged by foreign-material
deposition. The ensemble-averaged streamwise velocity defect revealed the tendency of the
roughness to promote channeling of the flow in the form of low-momentum pathways (LMPs) …