Watermarking for Large-Scale Video Distribution through Out-of-the-Loop Frame Replacement

H Mareen, F Valcke, A Hallaert… - 2022 10th European …, 2022 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
H Mareen, F Valcke, A Hallaert, G Van Wallendael, P Lambert
2022 10th European Workshop on Visual Information Processing (EUVIP), 2022ieeexplore.ieee.org
Forensic watermarking is used in large-scale video-distribution applications to track digital
pirates after they illegally leak videos. Existing methods either have a high embedding
complexity or have troubles providing imperceptibility and robustness. Therefore, this paper
proposes a novel watermarking method that has a low embedding complexity, as well as
sufficient imperceptibility and robustness. The main novelty is that frames are replaced out of
the loop, which has a very low complexity. This is inspired by A/B watermarking, yet applied …
Forensic watermarking is used in large-scale video-distribution applications to track digital pirates after they illegally leak videos. Existing methods either have a high embedding complexity or have troubles providing imperceptibility and robustness. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel watermarking method that has a low embedding complexity, as well as sufficient imperceptibility and robustness. The main novelty is that frames are replaced out of the loop, which has a very low complexity. This is inspired by A/B watermarking, yet applied on frame level rather than video-segment level. The resulting drift-error artifacts are used for robust watermark detection. Additionally, a faster watermark detection method is proposed at the cost of a decrease in embedding capacity. We show that the drift errors caused by frame replacement are imperceptible, and that our method has a negligible impact on the video bitrate. Moreover, we demonstrate a high level of robustness. These interesting properties come at the cost of a non-blind detection with a relatively high complexity, that is partially solved by the proposed fast detection method. Additionally, a high detection complexity is not necessarily a problem since detection occurs infrequently and recent speed-up solutions exist. In conclusion, the proposed method is a novel and scalable solution that enables secure large-scale video distribution.
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