Read a scientific magazine, visit a university campus, or walk the halls of Congress and you may well hear reference to “citizen science.” It’s the subject of much discussion, of expanding use in research communities, and even of new federal legislation. According to many, citizen science—put simply, public engagement in scientific research and decision making—represents a radically new way forward: a path that engages every kind of person in research and decision making, democratizes science for all, and offers a new distribution of power and influence in universities and beyond. The term conjures visions of a more inclusive world of science, a more engaged public and citizenry, and rich treasure troves of data for addressing important problems.

Things haven’t always been this way. A few decades ago, decisions were largely made by elites—academics, governments, experts—who were insulated from public input or even scrutiny. This rang especially true through the first half of the 20th century, as much of the scientific establishment became increasingly centralized, institutionalized, and separated from the average citizen. Such a