… The definition of automation levels from various organizations is thus summarized and … SAE
defines 6 levels of automation for vehicles from 0 (no automation) to 5 (full driving automation…

… effects of these levels. We argue that current discourses on automated vehicles have been
… In particular, we focus on the use of ‘levels of vehicle automation’, the ways that these levels …

… “I’m not sure that we’re ever… going to achieve an L5 level of automation… I think it’s sort
of silly that we think about it. And it’s important I think for all of us to be really clear on the …

… driver at each level of vehicle automation. … level of autonomy is referred to as autonomous
(Shladover, 2018). Throughout this paper, the term AV will refer to the levels 3-5 automated …

… automation Level 2 vehicles do not induce potentially adverse effects in traditional vehicle
… -driven vehicles. To this end, the paper proposes a Turing approach to test the “humanity” of …

… ) [17], (iii) Level 2: the vehicle used automated features but the … Automated Driving such as
Tesla AutoPilot) [17], (iv) Level 3: … vehicle at any moment (Automated Conditional Driving), (v) …

… for AVs with different levels of automation. Using Japanese … about the automation level
choices and WTPs of each level, … (WTB)) and WTP for different levels of automation. Our results …

… Human intervention is the safety guarantee for automated and autonomous systems in … the
level of autonomy or automation; that is, as the level of autonomy and automation increases, …

… automation is reached at level 5, where vehicles are called to perform the whole driving task
autonomously, … Apart from prototypes, only AUDI offers at present a SAE3-level model to the …

… concerning levels of automation for defining driving automation in on-road motor vehicles (…
, which fortifies the acceptance of SAE automation levels as the global standard [22]. Thus, it …