… unclear whether this reflects an influence of socioeconomic position (SEP) on testosterone,
… exposures, is used to investigate causal directionality. We examine associations with risk-…

… Causal structures of mediators considered: representing two potential causal structures of
socio economic position … and co-morbidities (MM), and the causal structure of all mediators (M) …

… Our results based on a bidirectional two-sample MR-analysis design show that a genetic
predisposition to socioeconomic position including attained educational level, household …

… socioeconomic position but not perceived health, 13% reported change in health but not in
socioeconomic position, … time, the recursive (uni-directional) models used here cannot directly …

… (SMD), the directionality of the associations between income … Our results support both social
causation and health … income, disadvantaged socioeconomic position and homelessness.4–…

… Fourthly, the cross-sectional data do not allow causal one-directional relationships and
mediation to be established, in the strict sense [85]. Casual relationships were assumed based …

… ’ causal effect where genetic expression operates directly on phenotype A (solid line); ‘Indirect’
causal effect … However, genetic correlations do not provide evidence for directionality in …

… with lower socioeconomic position rather than targeting communities with lower socioeconomic
… socioeconomic profiles is an efficient way of reaching a high number individuals with low …

… causal relationships, we use a twin differencing strategy to attempt to isolate the effect of
education on socioeconomic … The influence function is a specific form of a directional derivative (…

… First, we evaluated the directionality in longitudinal associations between education, …
Further, our results highlight the role of social causation from parental SES in determining …