… women who occupy top positions in organizations. Therefore, in these studies, we sought
to explore the circumstances under which women leaders … of a female leader advantage (Eagly…

… gender bias defined as a discrepancy in roles, if the leader role is redefined culturally to
include more communal behaviors, then bias against women leaders should be reduced. While …

… as an agentic leadership style) that disfavours women, who are often perceived as being …
to identify whether female leaders exhibiting agentic or communal leadership traits would …

… is to examine female leadership within the context … women based on congregants’ perceptions
of their leaders. I also hypothesized that female clergy using a more masculine leadership …

… is prototypically communal, women leaders with a paradox mindset may develop the capacity
to identify with both simultaneously (because they see agentic and communal attributes …

… American women that are likely most relevant to the two types of biases against women
leaders, we … The descriptive stereotypes of women as communal do not align with the traits and …

… the overall masculinity of leader stereotypes (women‐leaders similarities r 1 =0.25, men‐…
and communal traits recorded for women in this study may very well be a reflection of women's …

… on leadership. Thus, in explaining women's lesser occupancy of lhigh-level leadership
positions, … In summary, gender roles lead people to expect and prefer women to be COmmunal, …

… However, the women leaders interviewed in both countries said that a well-organized
irrigation scheme, the modernization of irrigation systems, and the implementation of effective …

… to an invisible barrier which keeps women leaders from entering top level management
positions. … Therefore, women may readily accept communal norms related to transformational …