… counterfactual. Here, we conduct an inference based on the comparison of the factual outcome
with the counterfactual … Specifically here, we analyze the average treatment effect on the …

… engagement of manufacturing firms in advanced economies … : 681) may lead multinational
manufacturing firms in advanced … , manufacturing culture, social capital – necessary to support …

… and counterfactual firms: in this case, we do not compare our treated sample to all the (untreated)
firms that do not offshore production, but we restrict the attention to only those firms that …

… renowned worldwide for its manufacturing heritage. In order to … firm ownership impact on
a company’s internal workforce composition, we adopt a novel database of manufacturing firms …

… counterfactual. Here, we conduct an inference based on the comparison of the factual outcome
with the counterfactual … Specifically here, we analyze the average treatment effect on the …

… and, moreover, there is an insufficient quantity of relevant analyses. Therefore, this study
contributes to this issue by employing counterfactual analysis as a rigorous approach (see, eg, …

… A counterfactual analysis is performed to evaluate the impact on employment of four
programmes providing financial incentives to firms in Lombardy (Italy) between 2008 and 2013. …

… The case study in this article is composed of data on private manufacturing firms in six
Latin-… For counterfactual analysis, we calculate the counterfactual expectation for constrained …

… Our counterfactual analysis is developed on a sample of Italian manufacturing firms over
the period 1995–2003. The estimation results seem to support the possible existence of a skill‐…

… All these studies analyse the effect of public subsidies on the survival of subsidized new
firms using a counterfactual approach, specifically propensity score matching and difference in …