… CD4 + and CD8 + T cells play a critical role. CD4 + T cells activate B cells to promote the
production of virus-specific antibody, while CD8 + T cells can kill viral infected cells. …

… The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 appears to play a critical role in disease
pathogenesis and clinical manifestations. SARS-CoV-2 not only activates antiviral immune …

… in respect to COVID-19. Here we review the possible links between COVID-19 pathogenesis
and NET dysregulation. We include an overview of NET formation, function and pathogenic …

… with COVID-19; in particular, we highlight the emerging roles of monocytes and macrophages
in the pathology of COVID-19. … in COVID-19 remain to be identified, but it is crucial that we …

… and its metabolites play crucial roles in gut microbiota … roles in SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and
makes an impact on the progress and prognosis of severe and critical conditions of COVID-19. …

… has been linked to sepsis-associated AKI, partly due to the frequent observation of acute
tubular necrosis, in which ischaemia and nephrotoxicity play a critical role [167]. Reports on …

… characteristics and the concomitant respiratory treatment that … understanding of COVID-19
pathophysiology and provide … , that the progression of COVID-19 disease may resolve at …

… COVID-19 than in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome with causes other than
COVID-19. … been repeatedly observed and might have a critical role in kidney injury, as might …

… Macrophages play a key role in tissue repair by clearing apoptotic cells, debris and NET’s. …
activation is central to the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19, the role of mast cells, …

… treatment for those with severe COVID-19. Several lines of evidence attest that previous
viral outbreaks may have been characterized by retarded identification and delayed healthcare …