… of United States district court judges who participated in this experiment, to empirically …
panel effects. Specifically, in fourteen district courts the judges chose to sit in an en banc panel to …

… to affirm district court decisions, and the panel … court of appeals panel includes a district
court judge sitting by designation, is the panel more likely to affirm the decision of the district court…

… tions about the role of district judges on appellate court panels. Available evidence suggests
… from more prestigious backgrounds than their district court colleagues. They are more likely …

… judges are especially susceptible to this form of influence (as some critics have argued,
thereby suggesting that they are not co-equal in panel deliberations), we include a district court …

… district court panels, we find that these panels do not operate as intended. We find that the
circuit court judges on these panels … District court judges, on the other hand, appear to defer to …

… panels, our findings complement the work on district court judges serving by designation on
the circuit courts. … judges, removed from their traditional trial court context and asked to make …

… , but not generalist courts, are subject to "capture" by interests who regularly litigate in these
courts. We find no evidence of capture, but we do find that the BAP and district court judges …

… To code this variable, I examined circuit panels’ opinions remanding a case to the district
court for the presence or lack of explicit, discretion-removing directions on what outcome, in …

… dominated panel reverses a pro-plaintiff district-court decision… panel reverses a pro-plaintiff
districtcourt decision or a Republican-dominated panel reverses a pro-defendant districtcourt …

… We do not believe, however, that the appropriate explanation for what we observe on
three-judge district court panels deciding VRA cases is informational theory. Rather, we argue that …