… spike protein were found in the 30.4% of severe COVID-19 patients. In vitro, the activation of
endothelial cells with S1 protein, … C5b-9 deposition on endothelial cells, along with C3a and …

… induced by complement and cytokine mediated endothelial damage triggered by circulating
… of the spike protein alone (without infectious virus) on human endothelial cells in culture and …

… -2 spike protein binds to the ACE2 receptor in endothelial cells … of critical proteins that
maintain endothelial barrier function … cells and in healthy mouse cerebral arteries, spike protein …

… of mice, thus affecting the endothelial barrier function [41]. Taken … the endothelium.
Interestingly, the activation we observed upon the exposure of endothelial cells to the spike protein …

… S1 protein induces endothelial inflammation and cell damage independently of viral
infection To study the global effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on endothelial cell protein …

… Peripheral blood leukocytes were incubated for 1 h with human umbilical vein
endothelial cells (HUVECs) pretreated for 16 h with spike, the receptor-binding domain of …

… SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein in SARS-CoV-2-treated endothelial cells by … 2 spike
protein can induce the breakdown of the vascular barrier in brain microvascular endothelial cells. …

… levels of spike protein in any of the endothelial cells studied … endothelial cell found to be
positive for spike protein. Together these data suggest that only coronary artery endothelial cells …

… Our results show that the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is … smooth muscle and endothelial cells,
which suggests that cell growth … and endothelial cells revealed that the SARS-CoV-2 spike …

… SARS-CoV-1 S protein promotes lung injury by decreasing the … that S protein alone can
damage vascular endothelial cells (… a pseudovirus expressing S protein (Pseu-Spike) to Syrian …