… Faced with smart city, the improved GWO-BP modeling was proposed in this paper to analyze
and predict the energy consumption of buildings. The novel way can improve the accuracy …

… BP model, GWO-BP model, and SSA-BP model. Therefore, the convergence speed and
stability of the PSO-GWO-BP … , traditional BP neural network model, BAS-BP model, GWO-BP …

… This paper compares GWO-SVR with GA-BP and GS-SVR and analyzes their estimation
accuracy. To ensure comparability, only the data of bus line 108 is used when estimating …

… The NOx emission model of a diesel engine based on an improved GWO-BP neural network
has a determination coefficient of 0.87024 and root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.9144 (…

… Meanwhile, the proposed model was applied in different ways to prove the efficiency as
DE-GWO-SVM, GWO-SVM, BP, and SVM for measuring the performance MAPE, MAE, and …

… The hybrid integration method (EMD-GWO-BP) was evaluated using the 2017 annual … -GWO-BP
method was compared with the other two mainstream coupling methods (BP, GWO-BP). …

… BP, teaching–learning-based optimization (TLBO), and GWO … variables and total energy
consumption data were used as the … The ANN-GWO model was compared with the ANN-BP and …

… energy consumption using data about the amount of produced carbon dioxide from different
energy … the proposed method has been compared with BP some intelligent methods (MLP, …

… energy consumption and the gradual exhaustion of nonrenewable resources, the high energy
consumption … establishes a ship fuel consumption model based on BP neural network. On …

… We optimized the BP neural network’s initial weights and threshold using a hybrid combination
of the PSO and GWO algorithms, then applied the results to the selected features. Finally, …