… the pathophysiological process of heart failure. Considering the potentially favourable
actions of apelin in heart failure, we hypothesize that inhibition of apelin breakdown, or its …

… -36 and revealed a second peak of activity corresponding to a 13 amino acid peptide (apelin-13),
which has subsequently been identified in several other tissues. The 13 amino acid …

… Apelin is reduced in patients with heart failure and up regulated … apelin and its role in
cardiovascular function and heart failure. … Apelin is an endogenous peptide that is a ligand for the …

… of apelin and elabela peptide ligands in cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure and
… This article aims to review the roles of apelin and elabela peptide ligands in cardiovascular …

… of heart failure, monitoring of treatment and accurate assessment of prognosis [5]. A promising
contemporary marker is the apelin … Apelin is a newly discovered peptide hormone and …

… Also the biphasic changes in apelin level during the evolution of heart failure are … apelin in
normal and failing hearts would suggest the use of this peptide in the treatment of heart failure…

… Other possible isoforms of the apelin peptide, including apelin-17 and apelin-12, bind to
and activate the apelin receptor. Since the discovery of apelin in 1998, the rapid …

… Immunocytochemical localization of the endogenous vasoactive peptide apelin to human …
The endogenous peptide apelin potently improves cardiac contractility and reduces cardiac …

… detection of apelin peptide levels in human tissues. These assays demonstrated a striking
down-regulation of the apelin receptor in two types of heart failure, while apelin peptide levels …

… gene encodes a 77–amino acid preproprotein that undergoes proteolytic cleavage to
yield a mature 36–amino acid peptide (apelin-36). Shorter C-terminal fragments of …