… ii) coherent diffractive imaging (Figure 1d… imaging for both biological materials and cells.
We end this article by presenting the combination of several X-ray techniques to enable imaging …

… a variety of biological samples. In contrast to prior reviews that focused on physical techniques
applicable to the imaging of chemical elements and their isotopes in biological samples [7…

We have applied the non-contact dynamic force microscopy method to investigate soft
biological materials such as hexagonally-packed intermediate layers, DNA, and tobacco mosaic …

… Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy (FTIRM) and imaging (FTIRI) have become
valuable techniques for examining the chemical makeup of biological materials by probing …

… Raman imaging can analyze biological materials by generating detailed chemical images. …
have been proposed for acquiring the hypercube of biological materials. These are the whisk-…

… In positive staining, the stain forms a complex with the biological material, producing a dark
appearance in the TEM image. In negative staining, heavy metal accumulates and replaces …

… , more complex biological materials using the tools of protein engineering and synthetic
biology. In addition to ultrasound and MRI, we cover optoacoustic (or photoacoustic) imaging—a …

… We have developed a high-speed beam scanning confocal imaging system that can be … of
biological material using this system. In all cases we have found that confocal imaging gives a …

… imaging analysis of biological materials. The first section will introduce the basic principles
of these two techniques, followed by an overview of multivariate data and image analysis …

… High-resolution image … use physical insight into how biological materials function, and
how these are used to use the knowledge in synthesizing new materials. To illustrate the basic …