… individual differences among beginning readers. Instead of using an artificial task to estimate
SL abilities, our approach identifies individual differences … focus on individuals' reliance on …

… skills in an opaque orthography (Hebrew), and … individual differences in leveraging the
various dimensions of L2 regularity change across time. We looked at how individual differences …

… specific about the role of semantics in reading than about the role of orthography and phonology,
… therefore considerably harder to define operationally than orthography and phonology. …

… with direct spelling sound mapping and phonological processing. Our results therefore
establish the nature of systematic individual differences in degree of semantic involvement …

… Together, the present findings support the notion that semantics may play a role in
phonological coding when the mappings between orthography and phonology are weak. …

… phonology for an orthographic input when the mapping between orthography and the
phonological … both domains (single word reading; ISR), the proposal that semantic processing is a …

… We did not have any specific predictions with regards to semantic quality or reading ability
but felt it was prudent to include these to rule out alternative interpretations of the impact of …

… orthographic and phonological representations. Thus, we expected a larger impact of individual
differ… of word meaning and individual differences in semantic knowledge should impact …

… However, as we shall see, implementing lexical phonological and semantic representations
computationally poses serious problems, and such implementation problems are even more …

… Third, we analyze individual differences in sensitivity to OS … to parallel measures of
phonologyphonology regularities). … orthography and semantics (and phonology and semantics) …