… even at a fixed location, thus degrading localization … devices. The main idea of SMN is to
remove the spatial mean of RSS to compensate for the shift effect resulted from device diversity. …

… , or a fingerprint, for each room. In aggregate, the fingerprints for a building make up its signal
map. Second, to estimate its location, a user’s device observes its own fingerprint and finds …

… in the same condition and location, which can produce different RSSI data. The term
commonly used for this problem is device diversity. Device diversity can affect the accuracy of the …

… phase, fingerprints associated with known locations are … with a reference radio and location
measurements. In this way a radio … Location of reference fingerprints is usually determined by …

… collect RSS values at certain reference locations to build a database called fingerprints.
Then, we can construct a radiomap using RSS and coordinates of these locations [10]. During …

… at different reference locations in a 2-D plane. The measured RSS values clearly examine
the effects of device diversity on Wi-Fi fingerprints. The experiment in this fingerprinting-based …

… , fingerprint annotation and device diversity, and then reviews the state of the art of fingerprint …
An alternative is to infer the fingerprint location without user intervention, which we call …

… , the geographical location of the mobile device is determined and based on this location, …
the new location estimate and use the previous location adding a variable as the estimated …

… handle the device diversity problem through a dedicated device gain … device gain and the
user fingerprint are fed to the fingerprint matching engine, which returns the most likely location …

… of device heterogeneity on location fingerprints, then introduce how to standardize the location
fingerprints … Ledlie, “Implications of device diversity for organic localization,” in INFOCOM, …