… Historically, electrically driven modulation of laser light at near-IR (NIR) wavelengths around
… These wavelengths are less absorbed by water and penetrate more deeply into skin. They …

… and near-infrared (VNIR) wavelengths is … -Zehnder) modulator as a function of the applied
voltage. At λ = 738 nm, the V π is 0.55 V at 1 MHz. c Cross section illustrations of modulator …

… modulator was demonstrated at 3.8 μ m in [70]. A TO phase shifter was placed in one arm of
a Mach–Zehnder Interferometer … refractive index, at the near-IR wavelengths of 1310 nm and …

… modulation at a wavelength of 2165nm, using a free-carrier injection-based silicon Mach-Zehnder
modulator. … In this report we demonstrate the first electrooptic modulation of a mid-IR …

… (ii) Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZMs), in which a PIN diode is integrated with the waveguide
in one arm of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI), and the change in refractive index …

… of programmable Mach–Zehnder meshes (MZMs) realized by using cascaded Mach–… with
phase modulation at greater than 100 MHz in the visible–near-infrared wavelengths. Moreover…

… ) and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum with wavelengths between … wavelengths, can be adapted
to this wavelength range. In … also integrated in Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) switch …

… in the mid-IR range is achieved. Integrated Mach–Zehnder interferometer modulators with
an … loss of 3.3 dB are demonstrated at a wavelength of 3.39 μm. Ultrathin optical waveguides …

… of an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI). … modulator at wavelengths greater
than 2.2 μm, and devices such as this could be important components of integrated mid-infrared …

… -strong index modulation [1–3]. However, gigahertz (GHz)-fast modulation capability using
… on a Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI)-based modulator to demonstrate a comprehensive …