… We investigate the contextual conditions under which campaigns in elections worldwide
are fought “negatively”, that is, rely on attacks against political opponents. We test the …

… Fifth, an important contextual driver of negative campaigning is missing in our study as the
data does not provide any information here: the target under attack. Research has indicated …

… the level of negative campaigning in Danish national election campaigns from 1971 and …
the widespread myth that campaign rhetoric is becoming more and more negative over the …

… Our aim is to study the drivers of negative campaigning in a … At the contextual level, our
results suggest that differences in … election competitiveness are not direct drivers of negativity (…

… In turn, this suggests that comparative analyses looking at contextual drivers of campaigning
strategies should be careful in only assuming that the context alters the incentives to …

… than challengers; Lau & Pomper, 2004), or can we pinpoint to contextual specificities? … high
mediatization) are strong drivers of more muscular and negative campaigns; according to our …

… on negative campaigning by national political parties in the parliamentary election campaigns
in … Second, hypotheses are developed regarding how party characteristics and contextual …

… characteristics driving the use of negative campaigning are … contextual factors substantially
affect the tone of campaigning… This article unpacks the drivers of negative campaigning …

… We now turn to drivers of negative campaigning located on the context level. We assume
that some direct … At the contextual level, we find that more intense campaigns are also more …

… This is a major contribution to the field because it also shows that by continuously portraying
minorities as outgroups political ads are a driving force in maintaining negative sentiments …