… -photovoltaic (SP) solitons and point out that they differ from both the screening solitons and
the photovoltaic … beam propagation in biased photovoltaic–photorefractive media and obtain …

… biased PR-PV crystals under steadystate conditions. This MI growth rate depends on the
external bias field, the bulk PV … previously in biased PR-nonPV crystals when the bulk PV effect …

… solitons or screening photovoltaic solitons, … crystals with an appreciable pyroelectric
coefficient. In this letter, we discuss the formation of solitons in biased photovoltaic photorefractive …

… and are propagating in a biased photovoltaic–photorefractive crystal along the z-direction. …
also the direction of applied external bias electric field. The crystal here is taken to be LiNbO 3 …

… solitons are possible in biased photorefractive–photovoltaic crystals under steady-state …
both the bulk photovoltaic effect and the spatially nonuniform screening of the external bias field. …

… previously in biased photorefractive-nonphotovoltaic crystals when the bulk photovoltaic effect
… closed-circuit photorefractive-photovoltaic crystals when the external bias field is absent. …

… a photovoltaic photorefractive crystal, the screening photovoltaic soliton can form because
of both photovoltaic … Under the photovoltaic field with the external bias field, we construct the …

… photon PV-photorefractive crystal. … biased photovoltaic-photorefractive (PV-PR) crystal
with TPPR effect. As a result we call these steady-state solitons two-photon screening-photovoltaic …

… in a biased photovoltaic photorefractive crystal in which the … Such soliton families will
become screening-photovoltaic … provided where the photovoltaic photorefractive crystal is taken …

… These incoherently coupled greygrey screening-photovoltaic … realised in a biased
photovoltaic-photorefractive crystal in which … example where the photorefractive crystal is of lithium …